No DBQ on the New Deal!!

I know this will upset you, but I was mistaken in thinking I had a DBQ on the New Deal. It is on the Cold War, which is next. Sorry for the mess up... See you on Tues.

Dr. Zink

Chapter 29

Chapter 29

Roosevelt and Progressivism, 1901–1912

This chapter is about the new wave of reform efforts—called Progressivism—that swept the country in the early years of the twentieth century. Recalling a similar reform mentality in the 1830s and 1840s, it was aimed at the excesses of monopoly, corruption, and social injustice that were the by-products of industrial growth and urbanization. Progressives were mostly middle class people seeking to reform the capitalist system, not overthrow it. The idea was to make government an active force for good, not just a neutral bystander.

        1.     Roots of Progressivism (pp. 664–667)
a. On p. 664, the authors say the “battle cry” of the Progressives was to “Strengthen the _________,” not overthrow it. What do they conclude was the “real heart” of the movement?

            b. Economist Thorstein ___________ attacked the “conspicuous consumption” of the rich and journalist Jacob A. _________ exposed the sordid lives of urban slum-dwellers. Theodore Roosevelt called these commentators who ruthlessly exposed the system’s excesses “___________________.” They included people like Lincoln _____________, who exposed corruption in the cities; Ida M. _______________, who exposed shady dealings within the Standard Oil Company; and David G. ______________, who pointed out the degree to which big-money interests controlled the Senate.

        2.     Political Progressivism (pp. 667–669)
a. Read the first paragraph of p. 667 carefully. It describes progressive reformers as feeling themselves “squeezed from above and below.” *** Considering the growing disparities in wealth and power between rich and poor, what pressures were these mostly middle class people feeling “from above”? What danger did they perceive “from below”?

                (1) From above:

                (2) From below:

            b. Politically, reformers sought to take power from the “special interests” and return it to “the people.” Many states today live with “progressive” institutions such as the ______________, which allows citizens to put issues directly on the ballot by petition; the ______________, which allows citizens to vote on measures passed by the legislature; and the ___________, which allows citizens to remove elected officials from office. U.S. senators, who had previously been elected by state ______________, now were subject to direct election by the people as a result of the _____ Amendment passed in 19____. Gradually, progressive state governors such as Robert M. _________ of Wisconsin, Hiram W. ___________ of California, and Charles Evans ________ of New York were able to reduce the power of special interests, turn city government over increasingly to professional managers, and pass laws controlling the excesses of capitalism.

        3.     Progressive Women (pp. 669–672) Middle class women, though still without the vote and direct political power, became active in the movement for reform, generally focusing on working conditions (particularly after the 1911 fire at the Triangle ____________ Company) and other issues of family concern. As a result, new laws were passed protecting women workers. *** Do you approve of the results of the 1908 Supreme Court case of ___________ v. Oregon? What do you think of the Court’s reasoning that “woman’s peculiar structure” requires special protections (i.e. do you see a conflict between “special protection” and the concept of “equality”)?

                (1) Results:

                (2) Reasoning:

        4.     Roosevelt and Reform (pp. 672–676)
a. Roosevelt, though a sturdy friend of business, was swept up in the need for some basic reforms. He called his program the “_________ Deal” and his program centered on the “three Cs”—control of ____________, protection for the ___________, and ______________ of natural resources. Roosevelt’s threat to “call out the troops” during the anthracite _______ strike of 1902 was significant because it was the first time that the federal government had intervened on behalf of ______________ (owners or labor). The section called “Corralling the Corporations” points out that Roosevelt did take on the railroad barons by strengthening the Interstate _____________ Commission and by successfully breaking up the northwestern railroad monopoly called the ___________ Securities Company, headed by moguls J. P. __________ and James J. ________, and by initiating some forty antitrust lawsuits. Did Roosevelt believe that large business combinations were bad by definition? What was his view of the proper relationship between government and business?

                (1) Roosevelt’s view of “trusts”:

                (2) Government and business view:

            b. Roosevelt took action to protect consumers in 1906 through passage of the Meat ___________ Act and the Pure _______ and _______ Act. This resulted directly from an expose of the meat-packing industry called The ______________ written by novelist Upton ______________.

        5.     Roosevelt and the Environment (pp. 676–681) Roosevelt, and his forestry chief Gifford ________, saw the need both to conserve natural resources for future generations and to develop them. The ___________ Act of 1902, for example, started the massive damming of western rivers and associated irrigation projects. *** After reading the essay about “The Environmentalists” and the summary of Roosevelt’s “conservation” philosophy, how do you compare that philosophy to that of someone such as John Muir, who might be called a true “environmentalist”?

                (1) Roosevelt the “conservationist”:

                (2) Muir the “environmentalist”:

        6.     Summing up Roosevelt (pp. 681–683) Note that in the election of 1908, Socialist Eugene Debs polled nearly half a million votes. Socialism was gaining wide popularity in Europe as an alternative to the excesses of free-market capitalism. *** Under socialism, _____________ (government, individuals, or corporations) own(s) the “means of production” (like factories) and _____________ (government, individuals, or corporations) make(s) the key economic decisions about allocation of resources (like who makes how much of what product). The authors sum up Roosevelt on p. 682 by saying that he was “the cowboy who started to tame the bucking bronco of adolescent capitalism, thus ensuring it a long adult life.” *** In your own words, what do you think they mean by this metaphor?

        7.     The Taft Years, 1909–1913 (pp. 683–686) Taft worked to expand American investments abroad, called “__________ Diplomacy,” and he initiated many antitrust lawsuits, including one against the U.S. _________ Company that infuriated Roosevelt, further splitting the Republicans into the Progressive and “______ Guard” wings. His actions brought Roosevelt back to challenge for the presidency in the election of 19_____.

Chapter 28

Chapter 28

America on the World Stage, 1899–1909

        1.     Part Five Introduction (pp. 644–646) This introduction gives you a preview of the authors’ answers to the many key questions about America in the first half of the twentieth century that will be addressed in the next nine chapters. Look at this section and list three major questions that may interest you.

                (1)

                (2)

                (3)

        2.     Philippine “Insurrection” (pp. 646–648)
a. The authors devoted eight pages in the last chapter to the five-month Spanish-American War, but only two pages here to the far more brutal three-year war against Filipino nationalists seeking their independence. The U.S. president who decided to keep the Philippines after the war was William ______________. The leader of the “insurrection” in the Philippines was Emilio _____________, while the first American governor of the Philippines was future president William Howard ________. The Philippines were not granted their independence until after World War II, in 19____.

            b. *** Given what you may already know about American involvement in Vietnam in the 1960s, compare and contrast that experience with our suppression of the Philippine independence movement in 1899–1901. Would you have pursued the same or a different policy?

                (1) Similarities:

                (2) Differences:

                (3) Your view:

        3.     China and the “Open Door” (pp. 648–651) Trade with China has always been a prize coveted by countries around the world. At the turn of the century, a weak China was being carved up by European powers and the United States was late getting into the game. Secretary of State John ______ then worked to get acceptance of an “_________ Door Policy” which would respect Chinese rights while opening up the market to all comers. Anti-foreign feelings in China erupted in the “_________ Rebellion” of 1900, which was suppressed by a large international military force.

        4.     The Rise of Roosevelt (pp. 652–655)
a. Look at the highlighted quotes from Senators Beveridge and Hoar on p. 653. What is the essence of their arguments for and against U.S. imperialism?

                (1) Pro-imperialism (Beveridge):

                (2) Anti-imperialism (Hoar):

            b. In the election of 1900, the Republicans renominated William _____________ but then added the young war hero Theodore _____________ to the ticket as vice president. The Democrats again nominated the energetic orator William Jennings ____________. The party that stressed free silver and anti-imperialism in the election was the _________________ , while the _______________ Party stressed prosperity and the gold standard. In September 19___, the re-elected McKinley was assassinated and the amazing Roosevelt took over. List a few of the words used by the author to describe this remarkable man:

            c. *** What is your view as to whether or not a virile, cheerleading flag-waver such as Roosevelt could get elected in America today? Why or why not?

        5.     Panama Canal (pp. 655–657)
a. Why did the United States want to see a canal built across Central America?

            b. The French had tried unsuccessfully to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama and were willing to sell their rights to the United States Panama was then a province of ____________. When that country did not accept the American proposal to build a canal across its territory, what was Roosevelt’s aim in so quickly coming to the aid of those who wanted to secure independence for Panama? Was his ploy successful?

        6.     “Big Stick” in the Caribbean (pp. 657–658)
a. The policy used by Roosevelt to justify intervening in Latin American countries to help collect the debts owed to European countries (ostensibly to keep the European countries from intervening to collect the debts themselves) was called the _____________ _______________ to the Monroe Doctrine. What is the essence of the Monroe Doctrine and how was this essence modified by Roosevelt?

                (1) Monroe Doctrine:

                (2) Roosevelt’s “Corollary”:

            b. What does Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy in the Caribbean refer to? *** What do you think of this view that the U.S. should be the “protector” of Latin America?

                (1) “Big Stick”:

                (2) Your view:

        7.     Asian Relations (pp. 658–661) This section discusses how the great warrior Roosevelt actually won the _________ Peace Prize for mediating the 1904–1905 _________-Japanese War. It also talks about the influx of _____________ (nationality) workers into Hawaii and California before and after this war. An incident of school segregation in the “liberal” city of San ________________ in 1906 caused an international crisis that only ended with the so-called “_________________ Agreement,” whereby the Japanese government stopped issuing visas to additional immigrants. (Note: You will see in Chapter 36 how many of these Japanese immigrants, and their offspring, ended up in internment camps during World War II.) As a final show of American power in the Orient, in 1907 Roosevelt sent a naval task force called the “_________ _________ Fleet” on a world tour ending in Tokyo Harbor and leading to the Root-______________ Agreement with Japan.

VARYING VIEWPOINTS

American Imperialism

        1.     The authors rightly point out the contradiction between American imperialism and the ideals of the American Revolution combined with the country’s democratic ideals. Summarize the three interpretations for American expansionism at the turn of the century (and, off and on, throughout our history) that the authors discuss in this section.

         a. The “Aberration” School (Pratt, Hofstadter, Beale)

                Yellow Press:

                “Psychic Crisis” of the 1890s:

                “International Peer Pressure”:

            b. The “New Left” School (Williams, Lenin, LaFeber)

                Economic motivation:

                Strategy of “Informal Empire”:

         c. “Race/Gender” Interpretation

                Race:

                Gender:

        2.     *** Of this mix of explanations, which ones do you feel the authors stressed most in the last two chapters? Do you have any views on the motivations behind American expansionism?

Chapter 27

Chapter 27

U.S. Imperialism, 1890–1899

                  Note: The next two chapters cover the second great wave of expansionist fever to hit the country—after the “Manifest Destiny” phase of the 1840s. Think about why it was that, at the end of the century, the feeling again arises that the country must “expand or explode.”

        1.     Imperialist Stirrings (pp. 623–625) What do the authors mean by the following causes they ascribe to the new imperialist stirrings:

                (1) Overseas markets:

                (2) “Yellow press”:

                (3) Missionary impulse:

                (4) Racism/Darwinism:

                (5) New Steel Navy:

        2.     Venezuela and Hawaii (pp. 625-628) In 1895–1896, when President Cleveland thought that ________________
(a European country) was getting too powerful in Latin America, his Secretary of State Richard ___________ tried successfully to invoke the _____________ Doctrine in a boundary dispute with Venezuela. Although war almost resulted, the precedent of the United States acting as the “protector” of Latin America was further established. *** After reading the section on the 1893 planter “revolt” in Hawaii and the eventual annexation of Hawaii in 1898, do you see any similarities between these events and the way that Texas and California came into the Union?

        3.     Cuba and War with Spain (pp. 628–631) Americans sympathized with the renewed Cuban fight for independence from Spain, especially when the incoming Spanish General “___________” Weyler attempted its violent suppression. To sell newspapers, the two big “_____________” (a color) journalists, William R. __________ and Joseph _____________ played up this brutality. They got their sensational story in February 1898 when the battleship _______ blew up in Havana Harbor. Although the American reaction was one of outrage, the authors conclude that the Spanish probably _________ (did or did not) blow up this ship. When McKinley asked for a war declaration, Congress agreed and further “self-righteously” passed the _______________ Amendment, which forbade annexation of Cuba after a successful war. *** Pause here to reflect on the causes and justification for war with Spain. In 1898, would you have been one of those pushing for intervention, or would you have opposed a war declaration? Why?

        4.     Spanish-American War of 1898 (pp. 631–636) Going beyond his authority, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore ___________ had ordered Commodore George _______ to attack the Spanish outpost in ____________ should war break out. Although having little relevance to the liberation of Cuba, this attack was a _______________ (success or failure). The capture of Manila was aided by the local revolutionary leader Emilio ______________.

Theodore ______________ resigned from the government and helped form a regiment called the Rough ____________ that captured _____ ________ Hill near the city of _________, leading to a naval victory over the Spanish fleet. Many more Americans died of tropical diseases than from bullet wounds, and the war was over within four months. *** Secretary of State John Hay dubbed this a “splendid little war.” After reading the military history, what do you think?

        5.     Annexing the Philippines—Imperialism or No? (pp. 636–639) As a result of the peace treaty signed with Spain in 1898, Cuba was freed (with reservations!) and the United States took over responsibility for the former Spanish possessions of ________, _______________ , and the __________________. President ____________ then faced the “devil’s dilemma”—what to do with the Philippines. Should he keep them and try to join the world’s imperialist powers, or should he set them free as had been done in Cuba? List three imperialistic factors that convinced McKinley to keep the islands and three arguments against annexation used by the newly organized Anti-Imperialist League. ***Evaluate these arguments. Which arguments are strongest and weakest in your opinion?

                    Imperialist Arguments                Anti-Imperialist Arguments

                (1)

                (2)

                (3)

                (4) Your opinion:

        6.     Problems of Empire (pp. 639–643) Congress granted limited self-government to the island of _________ _________ and, in 1917, gave its people U.S. citizenship. Cuba was governed until 1902 by U. S. General Leonard _________, after which, as required under the ____________ Amendment, U.S. troops withdrew. However, Cuba was forced to write the so-called __________ Amendment into its own constitution. What were the three conditions of Cuban independence (the consequences of which are still evident today) written into this amendment?

             (1)

                (2)

                (3)